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High SchoolStatistics

Probability

Measuring the chance of events

Calculate the probability of single and combined events using rules and diagrams.

Probability: 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1P(event) = favourable / total outcomesP(not A) = 1 − P(A)

📖 Understanding Probability

Probability measures how likely an event is to occur. It is always between 0 (impossible) and 1 (certain). P(event) = Number of favourable outcomes / Total possible outcomes.

For complementary events: P(A) + P(A') = 1. So P(not A) = 1 − P(A).

For mutually exclusive events (can't both happen): P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B).

For independent events (one doesn't affect the other): P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B). Use tree diagrams to organise combined events.

🔑 Key Points to Remember

  • Probability: 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1
  • P(event) = favourable / total outcomes
  • P(not A) = 1 − P(A)
  • P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) for mutually exclusive
  • P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B) for independent events
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