UniversityCalculus

Integration (Calculus)

Finding areas and reversing differentiation

Master integral calculus — finding areas under curves and solving differential equations.

∫xⁿ dx = xⁿ⁺¹/(n+1) + CAlways add + C for indefinite integralsDefinite integral: F(b) − F(a)

📖 Understanding Integration (Calculus)

Integration is the reverse of differentiation. The indefinite integral ∫f(x)dx gives a family of functions F(x) + C, where C is the constant of integration.

Power Rule for Integration: ∫xⁿ dx = xⁿ⁺¹/(n+1) + C (for n ≠ −1). Increase the power by 1 and divide by the new power.

Definite integrals ∫ₐᵇ f(x)dx calculate the exact area under a curve between x=a and x=b. The result is F(b) − F(a) (no constant C needed).

Key integrals: ∫eˣ dx = eˣ + C, ∫(1/x)dx = ln|x| + C, ∫sin x dx = −cos x + C, ∫cos x dx = sin x + C.

🔑 Key Points to Remember

  • ∫xⁿ dx = xⁿ⁺¹/(n+1) + C
  • Always add + C for indefinite integrals
  • Definite integral: F(b) − F(a)
  • ∫eˣ dx = eˣ + C
  • Area between curves: ∫[f(x)−g(x)]dx
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